My project explores how ideas of racial and gender difference, as well as Black feminist health practices, shaped modern American gynecology. Through examination of patient files, physician correspondence, medical journals, textbooks, medical school documents, and manuals, this work chronicles how a variety of gynecological actors—doctors, nurses, medical students, patients, health writers, and women’s health advocates—built women’s reproductive medicine. As the first monograph on the history of race and gynecology in the twentieth century, this book historicizes current studies that seek to understand why African American women, even well-resourced women, have poor gynecologic and obstetric outcomes. It aims to show that disparities in obstetrics and gynecology, such as high Black maternal mortality rates, disproportionate Black breast and cervical cancer deaths, and low diversity numbers in OB-GYN programs, contain deep-rooted racial origins and specific historical rationales.